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Turner saw the closing of the Frontier as an end to an era of expansionism and development of Americans character. He noted that for nearly three centuries the dominant fact in American life has been expansion. He continued: American energy will continually demand a wider field for its exercise.. HV PSgrBr5AwT? [38], A 2020 study in Econometrica found empirical support for the frontier thesis, showing that frontier experience had a causal impact on individualism.[39]. WebAnd now, four centuries from the discovery of America, at the end of a hundred years of life under the Constitution, the frontier has gone, and with its going has closed the first period of American history. How did Frederick Jackson Turner claim that the "closing of the 0000001707 00000 n
[11], Roosevelt was not entirely unfounded in saying that he and Turner agreed; both Turner and Roosevelt agreed that the frontier had shaped what would become distinctly American institutions and the mysterious entity they each called national character. They also agreed that studying the history of the West was necessary to face the challenges to democracy in the late 1890s. [36] Moos (2002) shows that the 1910s to 1940s black filmmaker and novelist Oscar Micheaux incorporated Turner's frontier thesis into his work. Historians have noted that John F. Kennedy in the early 1960s explicitly called upon the ideas of the frontier. Often in their writing, it was clear that they felt divinely empowered to change the lives of other, less fortunate, and presumably, less enlightened, people. WebTurners thesis asserted that the closing of the American Frontier, as demonstrated by the 1890 Census data, was the end of the most important era of American history. 0000003731 00000 n
If we can reach and cross this frontier, our generations will have furnished a significant milestone in human history."[49]. I do so love the East and eastern life! 0000120607 00000 n
Release Date: October 14, 2007 [eBook #22994] Language: English. Frederick Jackson Turner | Biography, Works, & Influence Each issue contains reviews and notices of significant books in the field, as well as bibliographic lists of recent articles and dissertations. Turner reflects on the past to illustrate his point by noting human fascination with the frontier and how expansion to the American West changed American views on its culture. [48] 0000002336 00000 n
It would be a nation in which people were not particularly individualistic Westward Expansion, 1840-1900, Chapter 18: Industrialization and the Rise of Big Business, 1870-1900, Chapter 19: The Growing Pains of Urbanization, 1870-1900, Chapter 20: Politics in the Gilded Age, 1870-1900, Chapter 21: Leading the Way: The Progressive Movement, 1890-1920, Chapter 23: Americans and the Great War, 1914-1919, Chapter 24: The Jazz Age: Redefining the Nation, 1919-1929, Chapter 25: Brother, Can You Spare a Dime? Turner set up an evolutionary model (he had studied evolution with a leading geologist, Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin), using the time dimension of American history, and the geographical space of the land that became the United States. Marvin K. Mikesell, "Comparative Studies in Frontier History," in Richard Hofstadter and Seymour Martin Lipset, eds., Alexander Petrov, "Russian History Re-Examined, Ten Years After The Dissolution Of The Soviet Union", published in Russian Moscow 2001, English translation London 2004, Gerald D. Nash, "The frontier thesis: A historical perspective,", Ann Fabian, "The ragged edge of history: Intellectuals and the American West,", Richard R. John, " Turner, Beard, Chandler: Progressive Historians,", William Appleman Williams, "The Frontier Thesis and American Foreign Policy,", Ray Allen Billington, "Why Some Historians Rarely Write History: A Case Study of Frederick Jackson Turner,", John B. Boles, "Turner, the frontier, and the study of religion in America,", Dan Moosd, "Reclaiming the Frontier: Oscar Micheaux as Black Turnerian,", Richard W. Slatta, "Taking Our Myths Seriously.". His writing, too, bore the stamp of oratory; indeed, he reworked his lectures into articles that appeared in the nations most influential popular and scholarly journals. WebAmerica's imperial expansion in the twentieth century.2 One idea is Frederick Jackson Turner's concept that America's unique and true democracy was the product of an expanding frontier." 0000099528 00000 n
"Frontier culture: The roots and persistence of rugged individualism in the United States. 2 (1891) Distribution of Population According to Density: 1890, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Significance_of_the_Frontier_in_American_History&oldid=1143440486, History books about the American Old West, Articles with dead external links from July 2022, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Bowden, Brett. Otten E. Wilderness medicine quo vadis? With regard to the latter, American businessmen were most interested in the lucrative sugar industry that lay at the heart of the Hawaiian Islands economy. Turner saw the closing of the Frontier as an end to an era of expansionism and development of Americans character. He stressed the process of "winning a wilderness" to extend the frontier line further for U.S. colonization, and the impact this had on pioneer culture and character. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pHH=B5BBEFp32(rsM$5$QPftJ@"dtLR5J&(d2E e /deaNU&@P+**}JLTkrMdkFEp3_aM,DAj%$'.&Am 70EQxauku^RgOym]e6}i u;9yx:Qr\p. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). He explained his motives to a Boston audience in 1867, when he professed his intention to give the United States control of the world.. Eager to be tested in international conflict, these new leaders hoped to prove Americas might on a global stage. Web-- Condition and ulterior destiny of the Indian tribes (December 8, 1829) / Andrew Jackson. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Please enter a term before submitting your search. Also mindful of the mitigating influence of a frontier-in terms of easing pressure from increased immigration and population expansion in the eastern and midwestern United States-he encouraged new outlets for further population growth, whether as lands for further American settlement or to accommodate more immigrants. [44] At his acceptance speech upon securing the Democratic Party nomination for U.S. president on July 15, 1960, Kennedy called out to the American people, "I am asking each of you to be new pioneers on that New Frontier. [28] FDR, in celebrating the third anniversary of Social Security in 1938, advised, "There is still today a frontier that remains unconqueredan America unreclaimed. Editors of such magazines as Century, Outlook, and Harpers supported an imperialistic stance as the democratic responsibility of the United States. 0000091351 00000 n
WebExplains frederick jackson turner's claim that the frontier made the united states unique. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. He questioned why historians should limit themselves to choosing between a region or a frontier when the true 1 Turner, Frederick Jackson. Later he focused on sectionalism as a force in U.S. development. In the United States, several newspaper editors openly questioned the purchase and labeled it Sewards Folly (Figure 22.3). The Closing of the American Wilderness | American In Australia, "mateship" and working together was valued more than individualism. in Alan Brinkley, American History: A Survey, Chapter 16), http://www.ndsu.nodak.edu/instruct/isern/103/turner.htm. Digital History Turners theory of early American development, which relied on the frontier as a transformative force, starkly opposed the Bancroftian racial determinism. Imperialism and Progressivism were compatible in the minds of many reformers who thought the Progressive impulses for democracy at home translated overseas as well. ", John Mack Faragher, "The frontier trail: rethinking Turner and reimagining the American West." The Significance of the Frontier in American History. Essay. In 1893 a young historian addressed the American Historical Association, which was meeting at the Columbian Exposition in Chicago. Frederick Jackson Turner presented his thesis, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History." He began by quoting from the Census of 1890: WebIt was the frontier of Europe in a very real sense. Religious leaders and Progressive reformers joined businesses in their growing interest in American expansion, as both sought to increase the democratic and Christian influences of the United States abroad. 0000020789 00000 n
Updates? Although he respected Turner, Pierson strongly argues his point by looking beyond the frontier and acknowledging other factors in American development. It was popular among New DealersFranklin D. Roosevelt and his top aides[27] thought in terms of finding new frontiers. Future acquisitions in the Pacific and Caribbean increased this naval supply network (Figure 22.5). Author of Daniel Boone: The Life and Legend of an American Pioneer and editor of The American Heritage Encyclopedia Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Limerick points out that Kennedy assumed that "the campaigns of the Old Frontier had been successful, and morally justified. it served as a "safety valve" for those in the east. The frontier transformed Jeffersonian democracy into Jacksonian democracy. According to Turner, American progress has repeatedly undergone a cyclical process on the frontier line as society has needed to redevelop with its movement westward. entitled "The Significance of the Frontier in American History." Turners thesis was enormously influential at the time but has subsequently been widely criticized by historians. Frederick Jackson Turner declared that the American frontier It had also continually renewed American ideas of
William Appleman Williams led the "Wisconsin School" of diplomatic historians by arguing that the frontier thesis encouraged American overseas expansion, especially in Asia, during the 20th century. Frederick Turner He taught at the University of Wisconsin and at Harvard University. Author: Frederick Jackson Turner. By 1890, through a series of reciprocal trade agreements, Hawaiians exported nearly all of their sugar production to the United States, tariff-free. ", Cronon, William. The "Turner
By trying to help people in less industrialized countries achieve a higher standard of living and a better understanding of the principles of democracy, reformers hoped to contribute to a noble cause, but their approach suffered from the same paternalism that hampered Progressive reforms at home. The Sierra Club, the Audubon Society, and the National Park System were established to counter the demise of the frontier. In 1946, medieval historian Carl Stephenson published an extended article refuting the Germanic germ theory. advance of American settlement westward" - was the central story of American
did Frederick Jackson Turner claim that the "closing WebThe Closing of the Frontier. In 1893, Frederick Jackson Turner argued that settlement of the west had ended the frontier era in the United States. While certainly not all reformers espoused a racist view of intelligence and civilization, many of these reformers believed that the Anglo-Saxon race was mentally superior to others and owed the presumed less evolved populations their stewardship and social uplift-a service the British writer Rudyard Kipling termed the white mans burden.. 0000090357 00000 n
As a new industrial United States began to emerge in the 1870s, economic interests began to lead the country toward a more expansionist foreign policy. Nevertheless, he made it clear that his historical writing was shaped by a contemporary agenda. nation as a whole. The racial warfare theory was an emerging belief in the late nineteenth century advocated by Theodore Roosevelt in The Winning of the West. Born in frontier Wisconsin and educated at the University of Wisconsin at Madison, Turner did graduate work at Johns Hopkins University under Herbert Baxter Adams. WebFrederick Jackson Turner and the frontier. [40] This quote from Turners The Frontier in American History is arguably the most famous statement of his work and, to later historians, the most controversial: American democracy was born of no theorist's dream; it was not carried in the Susan Constant to Virginia, nor in the Mayflower to Plymouth. WebFind many great new & used options and get the best deals for THE FRONTIER IN AMERICAN HISTORY By Frederick Jackson Turner **BRAND NEW** at the best online prices at eBay! They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 0000003194 00000 n
"The frontier trail: rethinking Turner and reimagining the American West." %PDF-1.4
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[12], Turner and Roosevelt diverged on the exact aspect of frontier life that shaped the contemporary American. Even after independence, the eastern coast of the United States sought to control the West. This is the frontierthe Americawe have set ourselves to reclaim. [17], Turner saw the land frontier was ending, since the U.S. Census of 1890 had officially stated that the American frontier had broken up. 0000117724 00000 n
WebThe first is by transcending the region-frontier divide. The follow-up to that study, The United States, 18301850: The Nation and Its Sections (1935), would not be published until after his death. To read this article in full you will need to make a payment. 0000092338 00000 n
He also pushed through the annexation of the Midway Islands in the Pacific Ocean, which subsequently opened a more stable route to Asian markets. For example, the Dutch Boers in South Africa were defeated in war by Britain. Turner referred to the Germanic germ theory by name in his essay, claiming that too exclusive attention has been paid by institutional students to the Germanic origins.[9] Turner believed that historians should focus on the settlers struggle with the frontier as the catalyst for the creation of American character, not racial or hereditary traits. ", Hofstadter, Richard. In press. generation, and it shaped the writing of western American history for even
States." activities, that, and more, the ever retreating frontier has been to the United
We had the best possible voyage over the water-good weather, no headwinds, scarcely any rolling or pitching-in short, all that reasonable people could ask. He began to make his mark with his first professional paper, The Significance of History (1891), which contains the famous line Each age writes the history of the past anew with reference to the conditions uppermost in its own time. The controversial notion that there was no fixed historical truth, and that all historical interpretation should be shaped by present concerns, would become the hallmark of the so-called New History, a movement that called for studies illuminating the historical development of the political and cultural controversies of the day. WebIt was the vast frontier stretching out to the west of the developed land on the North American continent that shaped the American characterand the course of US history. "The American West: A New Interpretive History" (2000), deals with events, not historiography; concise edition is. According to Bancroft, the Germanic germs had spread across of all Western Europe by the Middle Ages and had reached their height. Deeply influenced by his Wisconsin childhood, Turner rejected the doctrine that U.S. institutions could be traced mainly to European origins, and he demonstrated his theories in a series of essays. [2], In the thesis, the American frontier established liberty from European mindsets and eroding old, dysfunctional customs. It currently publishes more than 6,000 new publications a year, has offices in around fifty countries, and employs more than 5,500 people worldwide. (1993), Brett Bowden "FrontiersOld, New, and Final,", Nora Berend, Medievalists and the Notion of the Frontier., Riley, Glenda. Turner first detailed his own interpretation of American history in his justly famous paper, The Significance of the Frontier in American History, delivered at a meeting of historians in Chicago in 1893 and published many times thereafter. In the negotiations, Fish also suggested adding the Dominican Republic as a territorial possession with a path towards statehood, as well as discussing the construction of a transoceanic canal with Columbia. Further limiting American potential for foreign impact was the fact that a strong international presence required a strong military-specifically a navy-which the United States, after the Civil War, was in no position to maintain. Frederick Jackson Turner, Significance of the Frontier [34], Turner never published a major book on the frontier for which he did 40 years of research. "Turnerians all: the dream of a helpful history in an intelligible world. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-Jackson-Turner In frequent conversations with President Lincoln, among others, Seward openly spoke of his desire to obtain British Columbia, the Hawaiian Islands, portions of the Dominican Republic, Cuba, and other territories. The end of the frontier era of continental expansion, Turner reasoned, had thrown the nation back upon itself. Writing that imperious will and force had to be replaced by social reorganization, he called for an expanded system of educational opportunity that would supplant the geographic mobility of the frontier. Etulain, Richard W. and Gerald D. Nash, eds. statement marks the closing of a great historic movement. [3] By contrast, medievalist Nora Berend asked: "What good is a concept not very clearly formulated a hundred years agoTurners frontier was an elastic term that had no sharp definitionand severely criticised ever since?"[4]. 0000100879 00000 n
This view dominated religious historiography for decades. As a result of these growing economic pressures, American exports to other nations skyrocketed in the years following the Civil War, from $234 million in 1865 to $605 million in 1875. As was the case elsewhere in the American borderlands, Alaskas industrial development wreaked havoc on the regions indigenous and Russian cultures. [33] Indeed, their approach was to reject the frontier as an important process and to study the West as a region, ignoring the frontier experience east of the Mississippi River. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. You will then receive an email that contains a secure link for resetting your password, If the address matches a valid account an email will be sent to __email__ with instructions for resetting your password. According to the theory, the Germanic race appeared and evolved in the ancient Teutonic forests, endowed with a great capacity for politics and government. Only if gold were to be found, the editors decried, would the secretive purchase be justified. Wilderness Environ Med. The Turner thesis shaped the writing of American history for a
Social reformers of the early Progressive Era also performed work abroad that mirrored the missionaries. longer. " John Perry Barlow, along with Mitch Kapor, promoted the idea of cyberspace (the realm of telecommunication) as an "electronic frontier" beyond the borders of any physically based government, in which freedom and self-determination could be fully realized. "Frontier culture: The roots and persistence of rugged individualism in the United States. Led by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, among several other organizations, missionaries conflated Christian ethics with American virtues, and began to spread both gospels with zeal. Frederick Jackson Turner FRONTIER Explains that formal education in the 1890s was supposed to be the great equalizer of social groups, but schools did not always fulfil their promise as agents of equal opportunity for all. The public has ignored academic historians' anti-Turnerian models, largely because they conflict with and often destroy the icons of Western heritage. [26], Turner's thesis quickly became popular among intellectuals. While Turner provided the idea for an empire, Mahan provided the more practical guide. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. WebIn The Significance of the Frontier in American History (1893) he asserted that the American character had been shaped by frontier life and the end of the frontier era. WebIn The Significance of the Frontier in American History (1893) he asserted that the American character had been shaped by frontier life and the end of the frontier era. [2], Australian historian Brett Bowden has explored how the concept of "frontier" has been very widely used in both the scholarly and the popular literature to denote challenging new forces. In addition, the fleet now included six battleships, compared to zero in the previous decade. The essay summarizes Turner's views on how the idea of the American frontier shaped the American character in terms of democracy and violence. While the navy had introduced the first all-steel, triple-hulled steam engine vessels seven years earlier, they had only thirteen of them in operation by 1890. Frederick Jackson Turner Up to our own day American history has been in a large chapter 9 history (quoted from "Where Historians Disagree: The 'Frontier' and the West"
[37], Slatta (2001) argues that the widespread popularization of Turner's frontier thesis influenced popular histories, motion pictures, and novels, which characterize the West in terms of individualism, frontier violence, and rough justice. The concerns raised by the economic depression of the early 1890s further convinced business owners that they needed to tap into new markets, even at the risk of foreign entanglements. delivered at a meeting of the American Historical Association in 1893. Additionally, as late as 1890, with the U.S. Navy significantly reduced in size, a majority of vessels were classified as Old Navy, meaning a mixture of iron hulled and wholly wooden ships. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-Jackson-Turner, Wisconsin Life - Frederick Jackson Turner and the History of the American West, Weber State University - Biography of Frederick Jackson Turner, National Humanities Center - The Significance of the Frontier in American History 1893, Frederick Jackson Turner - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). By 1898, on the eve of the Spanish-American War, American exports had reached a height of $1.3 billion annually. ;OLs oUo]t}1{Mi0-t.k~5[ZR&^Urub-Q{8a'[W_) S>kkOon.a,:">^DA*C={kWt7(p,gm@~op*^d:B|ujC| =QKU7'W%VTL+f,Iy=Y|E J;m8PP%uquRiC5[|i3kuaQa?j In broad terms, the further west, the more American the community. Western Historical Quarterly Below is the article summary. Many of Turners best essays were collected in The Frontier in American History (1920) and The Significance of Sections in American History (1932), for which he was posthumously awarded the Pulitzer Prize in 1933.
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