When Reagans popularity was at its nadir in early 1983, the electoral calculus went something like this: A woman might help clinch a Democratic victory in a close race. When the New Yorker, dressed in suffragist white, strode onto the stage, the crowd went wild. This tactic comes from the poisoned well of fear and stereotype"[132] On the September 15, 1992, primary, Abrams edged out Ferraro by less than a percentage point, winning 37percent of the vote to 36percent, with Sharpton and Holtzman well behind. In Ferraros home state of New York, the incumbents won by 7.5 points. [2][3][4][5] She had three brothers born before her, but one died in infancy and another at age three. [113] A Senate candidacy had been her original plan for her career, before she was named to Mondale's ticket. Under mounting pressure, Zaccaro agreed to make his tax returns public. [nb 1] She was also a journalist, author, and businesswoman. "[94], Ferraro's womanhood was consistently discussed during the campaign; one study found that a quarter of newspaper articles written about her contained gendered language. He happens to be very lucky to be who he is. [144] Then in October 1993, Clinton promoted her to be United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, saying that Ferraro had been "a highly effective voice for the human rights of women around the world. Theres no question that EMILYs List is a direct outgrowth of the political force we saw in women as voters and potential voters, says Howes. [95] Throughout, Ferraro kept campaigning, taking on the traditional running mate role of attacking the opposition vigorously. [109] Two years after the campaign, the Times finally changed its policy and began using "Ms."[108], Ferraro had relinquished her House seat to run for the vice-presidency. [226], Democratic primary for New York's 9th congressional district, 1978[227], New York's 9th congressional district, 1978[228], New York's 9th congressional district, 1980[229], New York's 9th congressional district, 1982[230], 1984 Democratic National Convention (Vice-Presidential tally)[nb 6], 1984 United States presidential election[231], Democratic primary for the United States Senate, 1992[133], Democratic primary for the United States Senate, 1998[232], Business career, illness and medical activism, Although Ferraro was the first woman to be on a major-party ticket for one of the nation's two highest offices, she was not the first woman to receive an, United States Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Ambassador to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, Public Works and Transportation Committee, United States presidential election, 1984, A Catholic Statement on Pluralism and Abortion, 2008 Republican vice-presidential nominee, 2020 Democratic vice-presidential nominee, 1986 United States Senate election in New York, 1992 United States Senate election in New York, United Nations Commission on Human Rights, 1998 United States Senate election in New York, National Organization of Italian American Women, National Democratic Institute for International Affairs, Hematological Cancer Research Investment and Education Act, U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services, candidacy in the party's presidential primaries, Women in the United States House of Representatives, "Women Presidential and Vice Presidential Candidates: A Selected List", "When a Catholic Terrified the Heartland", "She Ended the Men's Club of National Politics", "Geraldine A. Ferraro, first woman major-party candidate on presidential ticket, dies at 75", "Geraldine Ferraro dies at 75; shattered political barrier for women as vice presidential nominee in 1984", "Geraldine Ferraro, First Woman VP Candidate, Dies at 75", "Ferraro Won't Release Husband's Tax Returns", "Woman in the News; Democrat, Peacemaker: Geraldine Anne Ferraro", "John Zaccaro Fiance of Geraldine Ferraro", Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, "Italian-Americans Coming Into Their Own", "Ex-Colleagues Praise Rep. Ferraro As Lawyer", "Ferraro's Husband: Competitive, Private Man", "On Fire Island, Family Haven From City Life", "Finances of Ferraro and Husband Are Interwoven", "Of Ferraro's Roles in Many Arenas, a Favorite: Gerry From Queens", "Geraldine A. Ferraro, 19352011: She Ended The Men's Club of National Politics", "Rep. Ferraro's Transactions Detailed in Public Records", "When the Press Vetted Geraldine Ferraro", "Women Elected to Party Leadership Positions", "2 Areas of Queens Cut ZIP Tie to Brooklyn", "LIC post office renamed for Geraldine Ferraro", "Ferraro joins Democratic ticket July12, 1984", "First female VP candidate Geraldine Ferraro dies at 75", "Top 100 Speeches of the 20th Century by Rank", "Geraldine Ferraro: A Break with Tradition", "G.O.P. [36], Despite being a newcomer to the House, Ferraro made a vivid impression upon arrival[38] and quickly found prominence. [69] Zaccaro did not understand the greater public exposure that his wife's new position brought to their family, and resisted releasing his financial information. [126] Ferraro drew renewed attacks during the primary campaign from the media and her opponents over Zaccaro's finances and business relationships. [150][182][183] She republished Ferraro: My Story in 2004, with a postscript summarizing her life in the twenty years since the campaign. She also continued her career as a journalist, author, and businesswoman, and served in the 2008 presidential campaign of Senator Hillary Clinton. [98] Ferraro's presence on the ticket had little measurable effect overall. Roberts continued, Maybe thats the wrong thing to do. Am I disappointed in American women?, Ferraro asked rhetorically in her concession speech. [140][141] There she organized the office and spoke with clients, but did not actively practice law and left before the firm fell into difficulties. The idea of a woman vice president almost got torpedoed after NOWs public threat of a convention-floor rebellion caused Mondale advisors to worry about the selection being seen as a sop to special interest groupsa coded way of saying feminists, organized labor and racial minoritiesfor which hed incurred primary criticism from rival Gary Hart. Looking back at Ferraros candidacy puts in harsh relief the strides women in politics have made as well as the gendered relics that remain part of the political conversation today. [88], There was one vice-presidential debate between Congresswoman Ferraro and Vice President George H. W. Bush. Like good strategists, we always [knew] you dont always get what you want, but you may get something by going after that, McLean remembers of their expectations. I'm proud of that. And all this unfolded before the Democrats had even settled on a nominee. "[210] George H. W. Bush said, "Though we were one-time political opponents, I am happy to say Gerry and I became friends in time a friendship marked by respect and affection. "[145] The Clinton administration named Ferraro vice-chair of the U.S. delegation to the landmark September 1995 Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing; in this role she picked a strong team of experts in human rights issues to serve with her. She was the first female vice presidential candidate from a major U.S. political party . Each of the fortune cookies had been threaded with customized slips that hinted at the real reason the women were there: to get the first woman nominated as vice president by a major party. Instead, the Democrats went down in one of the worst defeats in presidential election history, with Reagan and Bush winning the electoral college by a count of 515-13. [57] In her acceptance speech, Ferraro said, "The daughter of an immigrant from Italy has been chosen to run for vice president in the new land my father came to love. [20] The couple had three children, Donna (born 1962), John Jr. (born 1964), and Laura (born 1966). In private, over Chinese takeout or in a House of Representatives meeting room, the women of Team Aas theyd come to call themselvesstrategized how to place a qualified woman on the ticket. Both the political right and left tried to determine how this new trend would play in the elaborate chess game of electoral politics. In 1984, she made history when she accepted the nomination of Vice President Office at the Democratic National Convention in San Francisco. The 1998 primary defeat brought an end to Ferraro's political career. [24][25] She spent time at local Democratic clubs, which allowed her to maintain contacts within the legal profession and become involved in local politics and campaigns. Stay at this 5-star luxury hotel in Gaziantep. No, I have confidence in us. In his memoir, Mondale himself discussed the two threads of the decision to renovate the image of the white, male vice president. Later, when Reagans approval ratings rebounded, the argument evolved. [117][118] Ferraro said her husband never would have been charged had she not run for vice president. "[106] Ferraro speculated that the pick might win Republican presidential nominee John McCain the election,[204] but said that she was supporting Obama now due to his running mate selection of Joe Biden having resolved her concerns about Obama's lack of experience in certain areas. Editor's Note, August 11, 2020: This article has been updated to reflect the selection of Kamala Harris as Joe Biden's running mate. But, as Mondale later reflected to the New York Times, the snowballing scandal cost the already struggling campaign time and momentum. [75], A week after her previous statement, Ferraro said Zaccaro had changed his mind and would indeed release his tax records,[72] which was done on August 20. [164] By 1993, she was serving on the Fordham Law School Board of Visitors, as well as on the boards of the National Breast Cancer Research Fund, the New York Easter Seal Society, and the Pension Rights Center, and was one of hundreds of public figures on the Planned Parenthood Federation of America's Board of Advocates. The single vice-presidential debate in late October offered the campaign a high-stakes chance to familiarize the public with the magnetic, witty Ferraro that the media often captured as well as a woman who was serious and prepared to be president. It wasnt lost on Ferraro that the third-degree-of-separation reports about her husband and organized crime may have gained unwarranted traction because of their Italian-American heritage, which reporters and politicos alike described as ethnic. I dont think the presswould have put that kind of energy into it if wed been talking about somebody called Jenkins, Ben Bradlee, the storied Washington Post editor whod overseen its Watergate coverage, later told the Los Angeles Times. For more than a year, feminists have been arguing that naming a woman would maximize the gender gap, electrify otherwise indifferent votersparticularly womenand give Mondale the boost he needs to overcome what some polls say is now a 19-point Reagan margin.. [141] Ferraro's second book, a collection of her speeches, was titled Changing History: Women, Power and Politics and was published in 1993. [3], In 2007, Ferraro received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the Sons of Italy Foundation. "[58] Convention attendees were in tears during the speech, not just for its significance for women but for all those who had immigrated to America. [103][104] However, the committee concluded that she had acted without "deceptive intent", and since she was leaving Congress anyway, no action against her was taken. Seizes 'Genderless Issue' of Tax Returns to Attack Ferraro", "Husband Plans Tax Disclosure With Ferraro", "Press values clash over coverage of Ferraro 'ties' to mob", "Ferraro Denies Any Wrongdoing; 2d Loan By Zaccaro From Estate", "To have (as a running mate), and hold (politely)", "Aide to Ferraro Demands Bush Make Apology", "Vice President George Bush's spokesman Peter Teeley, who acknowledged", "Transcript of M.E. [120] Ferraro was a fellow at the Harvard Institute of Politics from 1988 to 1992,[28] teaching in-demand seminars such as "So You Want to be President? Cookie Policy [189], The campaign between the two also saw racial dust-ups caused by perceptions of remarks made by campaign surrogates. Her attempts, and even her losses, have accomplished far beyond what others have accomplished by winning. How does it feel to be a part of history? Ferraro asked the room, after accepting the job. Geraldine Ferraro, speaking at an Alpha Kappa Alpha convention in Washington, D.C., July 1984. The best-prepared of a well-prepared lot. Green. Other women harbored doubts. [209], In March 2011 she went to Massachusetts General Hospital to receive treatment for pain caused by a fracture, a common complication of multiple myeloma. [31][80][81] In a 1982 briefing for Congress, Ferraro had written that "the Catholic position on abortion is not monolithic and there can be a range of personal and political responses to the issue. In 1978 she was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, where she rose rapidly in the party hierarchy while focusing on legislation to bring equity for women in the areas of wages, pensions, and retirement plans. In one, a medical worker in New York wrote: While on my way to work this morning, I turned on the car radio and heard what has got to be some of the best news Ive heard in a long time. Gerry was a very real, down-to-earth, relatable person. "I thought about that one for a while after, it felt slimy," says Roberts. [11], In February 1996, Ferraro joined the high-visibility CNN political talk show Crossfire,[149] as the co-host representing the "from the left" vantage. "[202] McCain and Palin ended up losing, but regardless of the 1984 or 2008 election result, Ferraro said that "Every time a woman runs, women win. Once Mondale became the presumptive nominee in June, he began interviewing a roster of Democratsincluding Ferraro, then-mayor of San Francisco Dianne Feinstein, Los Angeles mayor Tom Bradley and San Antonio mayor Henry Cisnerosfrom significantly more diverse backgrounds than all of the white men elected vice president to date. [170] She did not publicly disclose the illness until June 2001, when she went to Washington to successfully press in Congressional hearings for passage of the Hematological Cancer Research Investment and Education Act. In fact, she already has: Before Biden announced her as his second-in-command, reports emerged that campaign insiders were concerned that Harris was "too ambitious" to be his veep. Popular consensus before the 80s held that for the most part, women cast their ballots along the same lines as men, explains Susan Carroll, a senior scholar at the Center for American Women and Politics at Rutgers. At the crux of the scandal was this: Ferraro and Zaccaro had filed separate tax returns, and she planned to release hers, while he did not. [156] Schumer, a tireless fundraiser, outspent her by a five-to-one margin, and Ferraro failed to establish a political image current with the times. Ferraro parried back" I dont know if I were, if I were not a woman, if I would be judged in the same way on my candidacy, whether or not Id be asked questions like, you know, are you strong enough to push the button. 290 in Ridgewood, Queens was renamed the Geraldine A. Ferraro Campus. She felt tremendous responsibility, says her daughter Donna. Shes a member of the leadership; the Speaker [Tip ONeill] likes her, labor unions like her, she has been active on issues for older voters.. [150] She sparred effectively with "from the right" co-host Pat Buchanan,[150] for whom she developed a personal liking. [17] Grumblings that she was the beneficiary of nepotism were countered by her being rated as qualified by a screening committee and by her early job performance in the Investigations Bureau. [127] Ferraro became the front-runner, capitalizing on her star power from 1984, and using the campaign attacks against her as an explicitly feminist rallying point for women voters. [1] In a three-candidate primary race for the Democratic nomination, Ferraro faced two better-known rivals, the party organization candidate, City Councilman Thomas J. Manton and Patrick Deignan. [66] While her choice was popular among Democratic activists, polls immediately after the announcement showed that only 22percent of women were excited about Ferraro's selection, versus 18percent who agreed that it was a "bad idea". [14] During her senior year she began dating John Zaccaro of Forest Hills, Queens, who had graduated from Iona College with a commission in the U.S. Marine Corps. [48], Ferraro took a congressional trip to Nicaragua at the start of 1984, where she spoke to the Contras. [29] On the House Select Committee on Aging, she concentrated on the problems of elderly women. Their question to Ferraro: Was she game? All were feminists active in Democratic politics: Joanne Howes, the executive director of the Womens Vote Project; Joan McLean, a House staffer; and Nanette Falkenberg, the executive director of the National Abortion Rights Activist League (NARAL). Like Joe Biden in 2020, Mondale considered several women as his running mate, including future California Senator Dianne Feinstein. [187], A heated nomination battle emerged between Clinton and Barack Obama. Geraldine Anne Ferraro was born on Aug. 26, 1935, in the Hudson River city of Newburgh, N.Y., where she was the fourth child and only daughter of Dominick Ferraro, an Italian immigrant who owned a . [31] As she later wrote, "I had created a monster. [170] She partnered with Laura Ingraham, starting in December 1999, in writing the alternate-weeks column "Campaign Countdown" on the 2000presidential election for The New York Times Syndicate. Her husband John Zaccaro had pleaded guilty in January 1985, to fraudulently obtaining bank financing in a real estate transaction and had been sentenced to 150hours of community service. Their campaign made history, with Ms Ferraro the first female running mate on a major party ticket for the presidency. [173] Her advocacy helped make the new treatments approved and available for others as well. It wouldnt be until June that Mondale, the former Minnesota senator who had served President Carter as vice president, would lock up the race he was an early favorite for, outlasting Colorado senator Gary Hart and civil rights leader Jesse Jackson after a grueling primary. [201] In a friendly joint retrospective of her 1984 debate with George H. W. Bush, Ferraro said she had had more national issues experience in 1984 than Palin did now, but that it was important that Palin make a good showing in her vice presidential debate so that "little girls [could] see someone there who can stand toe to toe with [Biden]. [176] During the 2000s, Ferraro was an affiliated faculty member at the Georgetown Public Policy Institute. Smithsonian magazine participates in affiliate link advertising programs. [133], Abrams spent much of the remainder of the campaign trying to get Ferraro's endorsement. [54], By the last week of July, however, questionsdue initially to reporting by The New York Times[37]began about Ferraro's finances, the finances of her husband, John Zaccaro, and their separately filed tax returns. [24] While Ferraro's pro-choice views conflicted with those of many of her constituents as well as the Catholic Church to which she belonged, her positions on other social and foreign policy issues were in alignment with the district. In public, NOW pushed the idea, asking the six Democrats vying for the nomination at their national conference in the fall of 1983 whether theyd appoint a woman as their second-in-command, and the idea snared the medias attention. [179] Its goal was to advise corporations on how to develop more women leaders and make their workplaces more amenable to female employees. I admired Gerry in many ways, not the least of which was the dignified and principled manner she blazed new trails for women in politics. Sanko Tekstil ses fabric which includes sateen . Ferraro died at. [212] Mondale called her "a remarkable woman and a dear human being She was a pioneer in our country for justice for women and a more open society. But I just wish it could have been done in a different way. However, it is made plausible because of the fact that I am an Italian-American. [219], During her time in Congress, Ferraro received numerous awards from local organizations in Queens. [55] Once there, however, doctors discovered she had come down with pneumonia. "[121], Ferraro remained active in raising money for Democratic candidates nationwide, especially women candidates. Were on our way, were not monolithic, we have wonderfully independent minds., Campaigns, even if you lose them, do serve a purpose, she said. We were sitting in the living room, and she went into the bedroom to take the call and came out just smiling, remembers Dave Koshgarian, Ferraros congressional legislative director and speechwriter. [114] Then in October 1986, he was indicted on unrelated felony charges regarding an alleged 1981 bribery of Queens Borough President Donald Manes concerning a cable television contract. [1] She was elected to be the Secretary of the House Democratic Caucus for 19811983 and again for 19831985;[40] this entitled her to a seat on the influential Steering and Policy Committee. Get the latest History stories in your inbox? Just as previous research had suggested, simply having a woman represented wouldnt automatically win over the rest of her gender. [208] Much of her care took place at DanaFarber Cancer Institute in Boston, where she also acted as an informal advocate for other patients. Later, she vowed to help defend Clinton from being "swiftboated" in a manner akin to 2004 presidential candidate John Kerry. [56], As Ferraro was the first woman to run on a major party national ticket in the United States,[nb 1] and the first Italian American,[nb 2] her July 19 nomination at the 1984 Democratic National Convention was one of the most emotional moments of that gathering, with female delegates appearing joyous and proud at the historic occasion. Ferraros candidacy, however, showed the public that a woman could campaign stride-for-stride for national office. [53], Mondale selected Ferraro to be his vice-presidential candidate on July 12, 1984. Bettman via Getty Images; National Museum of American History, The Ferraro Factor: The Womens Movement, the Polls, and the Press, Colorado senator Gary Hart and civil rights leader Jesse Jackson, speaking at an Alpha Kappa Alpha convention. In Democratic circles, the idea of how a female candidate might exploit the gender gap started percolating. Many expected her to run in the 1986 United States Senate election in New York against first-term Republican incumbent Al D'Amato,[111] and during 1985 she did Upstate New York groundwork towards that end. [188] In March 2008 Ferraro gave an interview with the Daily Breeze in which she said: "If Obama was a white man, he would not be in this position. [195], Ferraro continued to engage the issue and criticize the Obama campaign via her position as a Fox News Channel contributor. It highlights the ambivalence, the nervousness, that even supporters felt about women taking the next stepSome people felt, and still feel, fearful of competent, ambitious, powerful women. Grilling cant melt her, proclaimed the New York Daily News, while the Washington Post called her spirited. But the Ferraro-Zaccaro press frenzy persisted. [77] The full statements included notice of payment of some $53,000 in back federal taxes that she owed due to what was described as an accountant's error. "[54] The Mondale campaign hoped that her selection would change a campaign in which he was well behind; in addition to attracting women, they hoped she could attract ethnic Democrats in the Northeast U.S. who had abandoned their party for Reagan in 1980. It depicts the life story of her mother and immigrant grandmother; it also portrays the rest of her family, and is a memoir of her early life, but includes relatively little about her political career. [3][110] She published Ferraro: My Story, an account of the campaign with some of her life leading up to it, in November 1985. . I. "[87] Mondale and Ferraro rarely touched during their appearances together, to the point that he would not even place his palm on her back when they stood side by side; Ferraro later said this was because anything more and "people were afraid that it would look like, 'Oh, my God, they're dating.'". [9] Beginning in 1947, she attended and lived at the parochial Marymount Academy in Tarrytown, New York, using income from a family rental property in Italy and skipping seventh grade. Geraldine Ferraro's biggest political asset is a personality made for the trade, an ability to mix talk of kids and recipes with her work on the Budget Committee and the lowdown on politics in Queens. [148] Regarding a previous China motion that had failed, Ferraro had told the commission, "Let us do what we were sent here to dodecide important questions of human rights on their merits, not avoid them. [101] Political observers generally agree that no combination of Democrats could have won the election in 1984. ", "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November7, 1978", "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November4, 1980", "Statistics of the Congressional Election of November2, 1982", "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November6, 1984", "Federal Elections 98: 1998 U.S. Senate Results". Held on October 11, the result was proclaimed mostly even by the press and historians;[58][89] women voters tended to think Ferraro had won, while men, Bush. [36] (While the Mondale campaign had anticipated some questions, it had only spent 48 hours on vetting Ferraro's family's finances. [21][22] They would buy a condominium in Saint Croix in the U.S. Virgin Islands in 1983. Full Name: Geraldine Anne Ferraro Known For: First woman to run for a national office on a major political party ticket Born: August 26, 1935 in Newburgh, NY Died: March 26, 2011 in Boston, MA Parents: Antonetta and Dominick Ferraro Spouse: John Zaccaro Children: Donna Zaccaro, John Jr. Zaccaro, Laura Zaccaro [7] Ferraro's mother soon invested and lost the remainder of the family's money, forcing the family to move to a low-income area in the South Bronx while Ferraro's mother worked in the garment industry to support them. "[187] Her comments resonated with some older white women, but generated an immediate backlash elsewhere. [170], After living for many years in Forest Hills Gardens, Queens, she and her husband moved to Manhattan in 2002. O.S.B. [207] A Newsweek cover story detected a change in how women voters responded to a female vice presidential candidate from Ferraro's time to Palin's, but Ferraro correctly predicted that the bounce that McCain received from the Palin pick would dissipate. On July 11, Mondale picked up the phone from his living room. Bush, won in a rout, with all but one state voting for the incumbents. [29] She also served on the Public Works and Transportation Committee[1] and the Post Office and Civil Service Committee,[41] both of which allowed Ferraro to push through projects to benefit her district. [35][57][78], Sharp criticism from Catholic Church authorities put Ferraro on the defensive during the entire campaign, with abortion opponents frequently protesting her appearances with a level of fervor not usually encountered by pro-choice Catholic male candidates such as Mario Cuomo and Ted Kennedy.
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