christian views on corporal punishment bbc bitesize

2); one of them ordering the blows to be administered; the second counting them; and the third reading the verses Deut. The child training literature of this patriarchal religion, however, is radically different from that of fundamentalist Protestants. However, beginning with Sweden in 1979,a growing number of countries have banned all corporal punishment. 2 0 obj 595 xvi. R Ellison, Christopher. : Sage Publications, 2004. Punishment by putting tabasco sauce on the tongue or clipping a clothespin on the tongue is recommended for verbal defiance, biting, and lying in Lisa Whelchels Creative Correction. Spare the Child: The Religious Roots of Punishment and the Psychological Impact of Physical Abuse. << The publisher is Focus on the Family founded by James Dobson, the most prominent advocate of corporal punishment. Grace-based Parenting. Divergent Models of Childrearing in Popular Manuals: Conservative Protestants vs. the Mainstream Experts. Sociology of Religion 56, no. Public Opinion on the Death Penalty 4 (2000):199-221. Do you not wish that God should forgive you? Judaism does not interpret the verses in Proverbs as authority to hit children with implements nor does it believe children are born into original sin. They say that children will develop their image of God from the parents behavior and therefore parents should show love as well as punishment of sin that is inevitable and consistent. <>/Metadata 292 0 R/ViewerPreferences 293 0 R>> Christians believe that God is a God of justice. Bartkowski, John and Christopher Ellison. The method of its infliction according to Jewish law differs from that of other penal codes, inasmuch as the former law carefully guards the convict from cruelty and excessive pain, stating expressly (Deut. In the 1999-2000 school year, Texas had the highest percentage and number of children given corporal punishment by school staff with 73,994 instances. Many fundamentalists advocating corporal punishment read Proverbs as a literal injunction to hit children with implements. Josephus' idea of its effect was probably the result of his affiliation with the Romans, among whom such punishment was infamous. An overview of the death penalty in America. % 1), except in regard to the number of blows. Physical chastisement inflicted as legal punishment. 4 The Mormon Churchs sacred scriptures do not express the doctrine of original sin, view children as inherently rebellious, nor recommend corporal punishment to break their will. God is most forgiving and merciful,", "Pardon each other's faults and God will grant you honour. /Length The punishment was inflicted by the beadle of the congregation, and the law recommends that the man chosen for this purpose shall be stronger in mind than in body, so that he may not strike too hard or upon a dangerous or weak spot (ib. /FlateDecode The National Council of Churches, which represents 35 mainstream Protestant and Orthodox churches, has advocated for the abolition of the death penalty since 1968. Another warns parents not to have sympathy for the child when they hit him and accuses non-spanking parents of laziness. Wheaton, Ill.: Tyndale, 1992. stream Another warns parents not to have sympathy for the child when they hit him and accuses non-spanking parents of laziness. 0 Critics of corporal punishment say that most injuries and even deaths due to physical abuse of children begin as discipline. 3, which reads , "about the number of forty).". The European Court of Human Rights and UK courts ruled against them. Also in 2012 the Presbyterian Church USA passed an eloquent resolution against corporal punishment. Some advocates warn that children may cry during corporal punishment as a strategy of rebellion and should then be hit harder. Many of these parents spank their children severely because they want to protect them from street violence and from the punishments of a white power structure. But for willful disobedience he believes corporal punishment should be a parents first resort and that a parent must win decisively.. Three judges must be present at the beating (ib. 3 (1999): 307-320. xvi. 8-10). Understanding Islam: An Affiliate of Al-Mawrid Institute of Islamic Sciences, Islamic Supreme Council of America, Mateen Siddiqui, Vice President. Another found that fundamentalist Protestants who are involved in their churches spend more time participating in their childrens activities and talking to them than other parents. Parents must break a childs will in order for the child and parents to be saved from hell when judgment day takes place in the near future. The Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations has called for a moratorium on executions since 1961. All of the major Jewish movements in the United States either advocate for the abolition of the death penalty or have called for at least a temporary moratorium on its use. _____ The medal will be awarded to the runner whofinishesfirst\mathit{who \ finishes \ first}whofinishesfirst. President's Certificate for Outstanding Service, Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. Carol Stream, Ill.: Tyndale House, 2000. The latter claims that if you beat a child with a rod, he will not die, but instead will have his soul saved. By 2005, however, the school districts of Austin, Dallas, Ft. Worth, Houston, San Antonio, and many other Texas cities had prohibited corporal punishment. 10 /Creator Gordon Hinckley, the fifteenth president, said, I have never accepted the principle of spare the rod and spoil the child . ] Given the strength of religious conservatism in the U.S. and the lack of consensus in scholarship, the U.S. is highly unlikely to ban corporal punishment of children by parents in the foreseeable future. ", "Cut off the hands of thieves, whether they are man or woman, as punishment for what they have done- a deterrent from God. /Parent In 1976, the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod asserted that capital punishment is in accord with the Holy Scriptures and the Lutheran Confessions.. xvi. endobj Jesus valued affirming, nurturing relationships above legalistic rules, they say. ", " let them pardon and forgive. Corporal Punishment by Parents and Associated Child Behaviors and Experiences: a Meta-analytic and Theoretical Review. Psychological Bulletin 128, no. We _________ all of our reports on computer disks. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. 23). In 1956, the General Conference of the United Methodist Church passed legislation officially declaring the churchs opposition to the death penalty. . Children dont need beating. if it is used as an adverb. Children have been tortured and killed because of belief in demon-possession. Beatings have gone on for hours because children would not apologize or meet another parental demand. One tape-recorded sermon advises parents to wound the child with corporal punishment because Proverbs 20:30 says a wound cleanses away evil. << Dobson recommends that parents be flexible and use various non-violent discipline methods for most problem behaviors of children. xvii. Thousand Oaks, Cal. Christians are committed to viewing all important issues, such as punishment, in terms of the best interpretations of their faith with many seeking to have some of their views enacted as a matter of public policy. Whitehurst, Teresa. 88, 90, 100. Dobson recommends holding the child close after he accepts his punishment, assuring him of the parents love, and then praying with the child in confession that we have all sinned and asking for Gods forgiveness. Several fundamentalist advocates for corporal punishment place important caveats on its use. 1, 2). Israel prohibits all corporal punishment of children. The resolutions were renewed and strengthened at the churchs 2012 General Conference. One less than the Biblical number of blows was given, in order to prevent the possibility of a mistake in giving one more than the lawful number. For example, rates of corporal punishment and of religious belief are high in the African-American community. /Page ", " do not take life, which God has made sacred, except by right. A childs reluctance or refusal to obey a parents order is as offensive as Satans original rebellion against God. A Focus on the Family book. 7 Um7 >vBMCzS@o*4*Fo&hf\JnTa>)~]+Ya>Da?n}Y nOZfD0Dg/o +F~`x| /Length1 619400 Parenting from the Pulpit: Religious Affiliation as a Determinant of Parental Corporal Punishment. Journal of Family Psychology 13, no. Most of them also outlaw it in state-licensed daycare and residential facilities for children. See Capital Punishment; Lex Talionis. Only two of those states, Iowa and New Jersey, prohibit corporal punishment in parochial and private schools. <> Identify the absolute adjective or absolute phrase in each sentence. /Type /Stream << Although the Churchwide Assembly added the death penalty to the churchs social agenda in 1989, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America has yet to establish an official stance on the issue. Death Penalty Timeline He is the ultimate judge and everyone will be answerable to Him one day for their actions. 0 22). << In Islamic countries, however, capital punishment is sanctioned in only two instances: cases involving intentional murder or physical harm of another; and intentional harm or threat against the state, including the spread of terror. Physical chastisement inflicted as legal punishment. 6 Since the 1958 General Convention, U.S. Episcopal bishops have maintained a position against the death penalty. endobj Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations, Washington Office for Advocacy. The United Methodist Church is the first Christian denomination to take an official position against corporal punishment. 0 Although the Catechism of the Catholic Church sanctions the use of the death penalty as a last recourse, the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops has repeatedly called for the abolition of capital punishment in the United States in all circumstances. R There is no official position on capital punishment among Hindus, and Hindu theologians fall on both sides of the issue. They may be divided as follows: twenty-one cases of breaches of negative commandments, chiefly crimes against morality, punishable by Karet (excision), but not by death; eighteen cases of breaches of the laws relating to the priesthood and sacrifice; and one hundred and sixty-eight cases of breaches of negative commandments which are not punishable either by karet or by death. << Insisting that the physical pain comes because of love and that a supernatural being has ordered it compounds the assault on the childs sense of self. Dobson, James. Write N in the blank if the clause in italics is used as a noun, adj. Critics also point out that hitting children with implements makes the parent less aware of the force being used. >> 0 R A few verses after declaring that women should keep silent in churches and be in subjection, he says that fathers must rule their households and keep their children in subjection in order to be able to take care of the church (1 Timothy 3:4-5). Most research on the impact of corporal punishment is criticized as unscientific and misleading by proponents or opponents. GCSE RS Theme E: Crime and Punishment KEY WORDS CRIME Justice is the idea of each person getting what they deserve and maintaining An offence which is punishable by law, for example stealing or murder. (Timely updates can be found at endcorporalpunishment.org/.). 6). Corporal punishment should not be used on babies younger than fifteen months and rarely if ever used on children more than ten years old, they say. The majority say parents should never strike a child in anger or frustration for then they will be displaying loss of control. ", Attitudes to corporal punishment (Faysal Burhan), "The spirit and essence of Islamic Law in its serve penalty is to save lives, stop corruption, disallow mischief, serve justice, build a safer society and apply little or no penalty. (Identity) They share the belief of caring for their brothers and sisters in need. /Title The infliction of stripes provided by the Biblical law was permitted only in Palestine; but the rabbinical authorities assumed the right, from the necessity of the case, to decree the infliction of corporal punishment outside of Palestine, denominatingit "makkat mardut," or beating for disobedience ("Yad," Sanh. Muslims believe it is inevitable to sometimes cause suffering to others. 1 Reflecting the divine order, men should be in control of their wives and children. 0 Systems of Transliteration Citation of Proper Names. /Length 225966 Abstract. Alexandria, Australia: Longueville Media, 2005. xiv. R+i^MW{|. The New Dare to Discipline. Parenting for a Peaceful World. 0 5 0 obj While there may be a causal relationship between those two factors, several scholars have found that racism, urban violence, and high rates of incarceration are causes of corporal punishment among African-Americans. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991. Religious Attitudes on Corporal Punishment, Corporal punishment, defined as discipline that intentionally causes physical pain, has been meted to children throughout recorded history in most cultures. 842 They reject advice from secular parenting books because the Bible has the correct advice on all matters. Corporal punishment gives children a foretaste of the potential terror and pain of eternal separation from God, one says. Below you will find their message to you written when the organization formally closed its doors in 2017. is no longer an active tax-exempt charity. The Talmud is opposed to corporal punishment. Christians believe that only God should end life. In the 19th century the founder of the Bahai faith prohibited corporal punishment of children in his scriptures. Love is an essential value when seeking to develop a Christian framework for the understanding of criminal punishment. A breakdown of 16 major religious groups views on the death penalty. Greven, Philip. xvi. Kimmel, Tim. << /Transparency One study found that persons who believe the entire Bible is literally true have more unrealistic expectations of children and less empathy toward childrens needs than nonliteralist Christians. ( C o p y o f R E G C S E R e v i s i o n P l a n n e r a n d T i m e t a b l e \( 2 0 1 9 \)) They do not see the government as supporting their parenting ideals, but rather as interfering with them. Fundamentalists are more likely than others to hold images of God stressing punishment and judgment. x}kswW?S5kUEq,%T|>H"%2ZR(?s`AT(rox'?nyy{Wj]iTi~=pWo6go_l=nof{ryto0)R)hlnoOmtQvSw5Gn:z~GWU>-#_^79~T*>no:3_MnL]Y&]W:y]W&L_S}zF)uv>T0ocZ+YVg(1Skl]mJm>3odKd7Q.7u]yvecmt-C]aB:~v]i.v?@EzMmV)mE=o+*q+*f~,eci]flxz6\xgdnSh#1wH1~z{\mte>D7Wwp6OfZK`7MTtA_@'7f$hsc-iG?86|buc>#8_6'Q #| mE<=ysDpMwR;5LI_`z9$/\rn:{sz:f#?S{wUxC+~eh+M[ACM^AkX:t"wNi}R#PpR$#UpaN#]DT AT`C? LS}q g[&[wm]}ly~EwyNk)do#~93NLp!RI;B]7 1@4/( h1FJUHw)M 8+N Several present corporal punishment as a ritual with firm directions about how to do it, what to use, when to stop, and what to do afterwards. ", "But if the culprit is pardoned by his aggrieved brother, this shall be adhered to fairly, and the culprit shall pay what is due in a good way. Whelchel, Lisa. 12). Religious Action Center of Reform Judaism. 0 The Talmudic law provides that whenever the infliction of corporal punishment is ordained, it is peremptory, and allows no discretion to the judge (Maimonides, "Yad," Sanh. endobj Several diocesan spokespersons told another researcher that their policies against corporal punishment related to theological teaching on the dignity of the human person. Some say that a religious rationale increases the emotional harm done by corporal punishment. xvi. /D << Ellison, Christopher, John Bartkowski, and Michelle Segal. 4 0 obj 12); for no more blows could be given than the sentence of the court required, and in no event could the maximum of thirty-nine blows be exceeded (ib. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2001. 8 0 obj While few denominations have taken a position against corporal punishment, individual clerics and devout believers have written that Jesus teachings advocate respect for children and training without striking them. bbc. Web pages with material on corporal punishment, [A version of this article appears in Encyclopedia of Domestic Violence edited by Nicky Ali Jackson and published by Routledge.]. Corporal punishment is one of the oldest forms of chastisement known to the law. 1 0 Grille, Robin. ", "Be compassionate towards the destitute. Paul does, however, set forth an authoritarian model for the family with wives and children subjugated to the adult males. Southern Baptist Convention, Resolutions. Is the jeweler someone you would like to know? Further Evidence from the National Survey of Families and Households. Social Science Quarterly 77, no. There are right to christian views on death penalty bbc bitesize. The convict was tied to a post by his hands, his back and breast bared, and the beadle stood behind him, a fourfold thong of leather in hand. No recorded words of Jesus recommend corporal punishment of children or subjugating them. Since its first official statement on the issue in 1959, reaffirmed again in 1977 and 1978, the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) has opposed the death penalty. (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries. /Group 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA 8;o /PageLabels Several scholars indicate that conservative Protestants approval of corporal punishment is based on their beliefs that the Bible is inerrant and has the answers to all human concerns, that children are born with original sin, and an apocalypse or rapture is coming soon. It was formed with the original CHILDs encouragement and support and is dedicated to ending child abuse and neglect through evidence-based research resulting in enlightened law and public policy. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has no official position on the issue and considers the death penalty to be a matter of the state and civil law. 7 stream Maimonides enumerates 207 cases in which corporal punishment by the lash may be inflicted. 1 (1995): 21-34. Since 1982, the American Baptist Churches in the U.S.A. has opposed capital punishment in the United States. MB!\EMX{u@7U}u\R/6=/gmPcI(oO If the convict broke his bonds and escaped, he could not again be subjected to punishment for the same offense (ib. End Physical Punishment of Children posts several such statements on its webpage at www.stophitting.org. When the convict was found by medical examination to be physically unable to receive the full number of blows according to the sentence of court, he was given a smaller number, always a multiple of three ("Yad," Sanh. In 2000, the Southern Baptist Convention issued a resolution in support of the fair and equitable use of capital punishment. The six recognised aims of punishment deterrence - punishment should put people off committing crime protection - punishment should protect society from the criminal and the criminal from. w$'4YU. maqF-hFTX cJB}1:&veT,p@\7h(xrG0WVYn]CP:DRJ$tQR'7\-Pe"Wd|w-GeixM#L~5ii+ _]M9z82 Ej%^H~A5`G8t_{.ro}e` /DeviceRGB They believe that babies are born sinful and naturally inclined to rebel against God and their parents. x\2u&Mf;/&NOw:IL&L2b H-s$}`b_,ksQqV%>pTy]o,R8c,gE~~x?c?Y&BkVi^m5o?,S2*J)sPIZ`Ljr?aMo}5N |o"J" xvi. Here on Earth however, He has delegated the right to. Catholic Christianity also teaches that: people should be treated fairly God wants the world to be ruled justly Many crimes treat people unfairly. Some claim that even the conservative Protestants emphasis on hitting without anger is harmful. Since 1982, the American Baptist Churches in the U.S.A. has opposed capital punishment in the United States. The Death Penalty and the Supreme Court >> %PDF-1.4 0 Among the last are included the making of idols, breaches of the Levitical laws, of priestly regulations, of the dietary laws, of the land laws, of the laws of pledge, of sumptuary laws, of marriage laws, as well as slander, cursing, perjury, breaking vows, and others (ib. In 2001, Orthodox Jewish leaders called for a moratorium in light of perceived problems in the nations criminal justice system, and urged the creation of a commission to review death penalty procedures. 3), if the judge sentenced the wicked to be beaten a certain number of times, according to his fault, "Forty stripes he may give him, and not exceed; lest if he should exceed, and beat him above these with many stripes, then thy brother should seem vile unto thee." All of the 132 dioceses that responded either prohibit corporal punishment in their schools or said that none of their schools use it. ", "We prescribed for them a life for a life, an for an eye, a nose for a nose, an ear for an ear, a tooth for a tooth, an equal wound for an equal wound: if anyone forgoes this out of charity, it will serve as atonement for his bad deeds. Several fundamentalist advocates for corporal punishment place important caveats on its use. . They feel that this religious group has made corporal punishment a ritual in which the parent becomes emotionally detached and irresponsible on the assumption that he is acting as Gods agent. Gershoff Elizabeth, Pamela Miller, and George Holden. United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Several studies indicate that religious belief is a better predictor of corporal punishment than socioeconomic status. Buddha Dharma Education Association & BuddhaNet. /Resources stream >> They need love and encouragement. The churchs magazine Ensign publishes articles calling corporal punishment ineffective and promoting other methods of discipline. 11). R HinduismToday.com, October/November/December 2006. Revision notes for CCEA GCSE Religious Studies - Matters of life and death, crime, punishment and justice Attitudes to corporal punishment (Faysal Burhan) "The spirit and essence of Islamic Law in its serve penalty is to save lives, stop corruption, disallow mischief, serve justice, build a safer society and apply little or no penalty." Attitudes to corporal punishment s7:KUhx*3WU There is, however, a new successor non-profit organization calledCHILD USAoperating out of the University of Pennsylvania. The parents love is conditioned upon stripping the child of will. iii. It is our intention and hope that both sites will be valuable resources for current and future advocates working to establish healthcare for all children as a legal duty. ^< Dea >> Family Violence in the United States: Defining, Understanding, and Combating Abuse. xxv. R Upon this passage the Rabbis comment, saying: "The wicked is thy brother still" (Sifre 286; Mak. Conservative Protestantism and the Corporal Punishment of Children: Clarifying the Issues. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 35, no. An Impassioned Debate 0 9; Mak. An analysis of the arguments before the Supreme Court in Baze v. Rees. A timeline of important court cases and legal milestones since 1972. xvii. and her webpage at www.jesusonthefamily.org, Christians for Nonviolent Parenting at www.nospank.net, and the Lawrences at www.parentinginjesusfootsteps.org present Jesus as leading by example with the qualities of the beatitudes to nurture the internal moral compass of individuals, including children. 2 . This is an alleviation from your Lord and an act of Mercy. ] xxv. Numbers, Facts and Trends Shaping Your World. 58, 59, as an accompaniment (ib. 39, 43, 171; Mayer, Gesch. 8, 21), "a most ignominious one for a free man." The Catholic Church does not have a national policy on corporal punishment, but the Ohio-based Center for Effective Discipline wrote to 174 Catholic dioceses about their policies. Some emphasize that corporal punishment must be continued until the childs will is broken as shown when the child accepts the punishment. She cites Bible verses as authority for her disciplinary methods. In 1980 and 2000, the church passed resolutions reaffirming its opposition and encouraging its membership to advocate for the abolition of capital punishment. The maxim of the Jewish law was that after the man had received his punishment he was again to be considered a brother (Mak. der Strafrechte, pp. R About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping the world. 7 The maximum number of blows was thirty-nine (compare Mak. 0 This is what he commands you to do: so that you may use your reason. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. Many fundamentalists lobby for school personnel to have a legal right to hit children. A second webpage, designed to educate the public about the situation in Idaho,IdahoChildren.org, will also continue to be available online for an indefinite period. /Nums <> FB^e$B41vlGRQO[4; Ellison, Christopher and John Bartkowski. Elizabeth Gershoff reviewed 88 studies of corporal punishment with 62 years of data and found that corporal punishment was associated with ten negative outcomes for children and the only positive effect was short-term compliance. Nashville: W Publishing Group, 2004. endobj >> obj xxv. com/bitesize/ guides/zj8qn3 9/revision/1 Exam 2 - (2) Religion and Life The Origin and Value of the Universe (inc. relig teachings & different interpretations) the Big Bang Theory and religous views. Many fundamentalists believe that hitting children is sanctioned or mandated by the Bible. Beating the Devil out of Them: Corporal Punishment in American Families and its Effects on Children. ( G o o g l e S h e e t s) Fear of rebellion is prominent among fundamentalists. No New Testament verses say that children should be struck with the hand or with implements. They cite these verses in the Old Testaments Proverbs as authority for their belief: 3:11-12, 13:24, 19:18, 20:30, 22:15, and 23:13-14. >> The Archives of the Episcopal Church, The Acts of the Convention 1976-2006. Religious Organizing Against the Death Penalty. They find the claim that parents may win salvation by hitting their children insidious. 0 The quality of the total parent-child relationship influences the impact of corporal punishment. While several scholars believe that a hierarchical, authoritarian model of sacred and secular relationships and strict gender roles contribute to endorsement of corporal punishment, the Mormons are an interesting counter-example. United Methodist Church, Book of Resolutions, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations, When Americans think about a specific religion, here are some of the first people who come to mind, The Digital Pulpit: A Nationwide Analysis of Online Sermons, Religion and Living Arrangements Around the World, How religious groups voted in the midterm elections, How Does Pew Research Center Measure the Religious Composition of the U.S.? Dear Visitors,Rita and Doug Swan, the Founders of CHILD, Inc., are now deceased: Doug in 2018 and Rita in 2022. if it is used as an adjective, or adv. They are opposed to causing others to suffer. endobj 23a). Given human nature, Caesar was bound to become too ambitious. /Type 1, 4). Most religious believers would agree that if someone does something illegal, they PUNISHMENT Something legally done to somebody as a result of being found guilty of Articles on the Christian Parents Network at www.christian-parents.net say parents have a religious duty to do battle against a child and win. /St xxviii. Forty Christian schools filed suit to overturn the United Kingdoms ban on all school corporal punishment, charging that it prevented them from teaching morals to their students and interfered with religious freedom. Researchers for www.religioustolerance.org found they are the only religious group that publishes doctrinal justifications for corporal punishment. Duschak, Das Mosaisch-Talmudische Eherecht, pp. New Jersey became the first state to abolish corporal punishment in the schools in 1867 and Massachusetts became the second state in 1972. Corporal punishment gives children "a foretaste of the potential terror and pain of eternal separation from God," one says. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1997. /Pages the Presbyterian Church USA passed an eloquent resolution against corporal punishment, Rita Swan receives Lifetime Achievement Award. The many variables involved make scientific conclusions difficult. Features of the larger society, however, may shape religious beliefs or parenting practices. 10, 22b with LXX. Furthermore, the doctrines of supernatural evil and original sin may lead adults to believe the child is demon-possessed and to attempt an exorcism. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Newsroom. Many, but not all, fundamentalist advocates of corporal punishment recommend striking children with implements rather than the hands so that the parents hands will be perceived as instruments of love. Hines, Denise and Kathleen Malley-Morrison. )cvEm.8\V7/t}-p{/|%~V$)_[^lJn&%"}uJ/Mr0OrjVf`]+zDH#3Mv7r;}Nvc'^l;RNQO^Q`k\(W1;Q/+kk_cUJ~y*4by Lbp$ ;Hko["9osEyQEB4kTt] 4Cuz*Qj #EK^%jWL+r_ou>iqG-\Up'/HU##Xb-]?eCW8]ikl@tzsdE-J6^\'{pr7y}z=:]BRBR |nT\}]sb~O( nnhCcHj"TLj m_]=3M5o^;{E2_z=r!""f^Xf\YtR%:Otr=VQK(|?J-nUZ*9LyV74lyV7bWGO7y*u=/QpA (e#pTZwQq.f. /Contents

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