If the thought of getting dunked underwater suits your fancy, this might be the method for you. Fact checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and timeliness. 2023 Mar 13;12(6):1218. doi: 10.3390/foods12061218. 83, pp. Careers. It is important to note that this analysis utilised DEXA as the reference method, which may also lead to further error, as eluded to earlier in this review (read my article on the use of DEXA scanning for body composition assessment HERE). In this article, we provide information on how body fat scales work and whether they give an accurate estimate of a persons body fat percentage (BFP). 36, no. The BIA prediction models differ according to the characteristics of the sample in which they have been derived and validated in addition to the parameters included in the multiple regression analysis. Anisha Shah, MD, is a board-certified internist, interventional cardiologist, and fellow of the American College of Cardiology. Accepted by guidelines. Regardless, all devices are still subject to the same limitations that other BIA devices are. Aging Clin Exp Res. However, they are not very accurate. All rights reserved. Portable (lightweight equipment). I'll comment on the skinfold caliper method next time. Table 1. 36, no. 2004 Dec;23(6):1371-80. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2004.05.005. The clinical benefit of BIA can be further enhanced by combining it with bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA). When using the bioelectrical impedance analyzer, the measurement should be done on an empty stomach. This is possible simply because different bodily tissues (e.g. Androutsos O, Gerasimidis K, Karanikolou A, Reilly JJ, Edwards CA. Is the ketogenic diet right for autoimmune conditions? The 9 Best Pedometers of 2023, Tested and Reviewed, Measuring Skinfolds for Determining Body Fat Percentage. A. Sedensky, Bioelectrical impedance during renal dialysis, Nephrology Dialysis Transportation, vol. M. E. Franssen, E. P. A. Rutten, M. T. J. Groenen, L. E. Vanfleteren, E. F. M. Wouters and M. A. Spruit, New reference values for body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis in the general population: Results from the UK Biobank, Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, vol. 2, pp. One such limitation is the placement of the sensors, and their ability to give readings of total body composition. 502-511, 2001. hypohydrated), indicating that even small changes in fluid balance that occur with endurance training may be interpreted as change in body fat content. The criterion method for determining body composition is the four-compartment model (1] fat mass, 2] total body water, 3] bone mineral mass, and 4] residual mass), and should be used when assessing the validity of BIA measurements. In simple terms, the less the impedance to the electrical current, the greater the lean muscle mass, and vice versa. But is BMI outdated? Different tissues in your body allow the electrical current to travel at individual speeds. Plug in your weight in pounds and your height in inches. However, later research found that this equation also failed to out-perform the Tanita manufacturer equation, and resulted in wide limits of agreement [12]. Pros: BIA is easy to measure and can be done fully clothed. Cons. A Sneak Peek into the Pros and Cons of Hydrostatic Weighing A steep increase observed in the trend of physical awareness amidst people has been the motivating factor in the extensive research on the measurement of body composition. The reliability of BIA measurements is influenced by various factors related to the instrument itself, including electrodes, operator, subject, and environment. . 44, pp. There are a limited amount of comparisons between BIA and the reference four-compartment model in athletic populations. (2013). Buckinx F, Reginster JY, Dardenne N, Croisiser JL, Kaux JF, Beaudart C, Slomian J, Bruyre O. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. Because lean tissue conducts electricity better than fat tissue, the resistance will be higher in a person with a higher body fat percentage. 490-497, 2004. Sun, C. R. French, G. R. Martin, B. Younghusband, R. C. Green, Y. Xie, M. Matthews, J. R. Barron, D. G. Fitzpatrick, W. Gulliver and H. Zhang, Comparison of multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry for assessment of percentage body fat in a large, healthy population, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 38-43, 2004. He has previously supported athletes in a variety of sports including canoeing, boxing, cricket, rugby league, Olympic weightlifting and strongwoman. 81, pp. 11, no. 2017;29:591-7. 407. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/407/1/012018. The mean coefficient of variation for within-day, intra-individual measurements, has ranged from 0.3% to 2.8%, with daily or weekly variability ranging from 0.9% to 3.6%, respectively [2, 17]. Bioelectrical impedance analysis does not accurately measure your total body fat. The Bioelectrical Impedance (BIA) Equations Estimates of body composition using BIA are facilitated using empirically validated equations, which consider variables including gender, race, height, weight, and age. A 2016 study found that the BIA method of measuring body composition is accurate when using standard, published mathematical formulas. Bioelectrical impedance analysis is an easy-to-use and low-cost method for the estimation of fat-free mass (FFM) in physiological and pathological conditions. We also outline alternative methods for estimating BPF. It's usually recommended to combine it with other methods to get a more accurate assessment of body composition. . A person could use both BFP values and BMI values to help guide their dietary and exercise choices. Like bioelectrical impedance, hydrostatic weighing depends on formulas which aren't quite as perfect as we'd like them to be. Also, most device makers recommend that pregnant people not use the products. Using this method doesn't need any training or prior practice. Malia Frey is a weight loss expert, certified health coach, weight management specialist, personal trainer, and fitness nutrition specialist. What is BIA? Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA): A proposal for standardization of the classical method in adults. Bioelectrical impedance analysis - an electrical scale with a handle that uses an electrical current to measure body weight, . BIA has been shown to underestimate fat mass and overestimate fat-free mass by 1.9 and 1.8kg in obese subjects, respectively [9]. Bioelectrical impedance equipments and monitors have become affordable. For example, an athlete may be singled-out for interventions to reduce their body fat based on their BIA assessment and normative values, yet other methods may suggest that their body composition is optimal. Pros: Bioelectrical impedance monitors tend to be affordable enough to keep one around the house. 2015 Mar 18;16:60. doi: 10.1186/s12891-015-0510-9. Results readily available on the computer screen. Fat mass was underestimated by 1.6kg, whereas fat-free mass was overestimated by 1.8kg. These numbers can be helpful, but there is danger in relying on them too much. BIA sends a weak electrical impulse through. D. van Marken Lichtenbelt, F. Hartgens, N. B. Vollaard, S. Ebbing and H. Kuipers, Body composition changes in bodybuilders: a method comparison, Medicine and Science in Sport and Exercise, vol. Therefore, for this review, BIA will be used to denote all bioelectrical impedance assessments. Lean tissues are highly-conductive, as they contain large quantities of water. An official website of the United States government. Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA) determines body composition by running small electrical currents through the body. Non-invasive: BI does not require the use of needles, X-rays, or other invasive procedures, making it a relatively safe and painless option. Body fat (adipose tissue) causes greater resistance (impedance) than lean mass and slows the rate at which the current travels. As mentioned previously, there are several issues with BIA measurement that may limit its use in an applied setting. 2018 Feb;37(1):292-300. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.12.028. Verywell Fit uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Deurenberg P. Limitation of the bioelectrical impedance . The doctor can also provide advice on diet and exercise. . It is an integral part of a health and nutrition assessment. A further study on obese populations [13] showed that individual disagreement in body fat measurement between BIA and the four-compartment model was high. Other factors which may impact the BIA measurement and should therefore also be standardised are [16]: The standardisation of hydration status is clearly of importance for BIA, as the method is reliant on estimations of total body water to ascertain fat-free mass. 2015;28(2):165-171. doi:10.1111/jhn.12259, Blue MNM, Tinsley GM, Ryan ED, Smith-Ryan AE. Even though many factors can affect your reading accuracy, a regular BIA scale can show youchanges in your body fat over time. A person sits inside the Bod Pod, which uses highly accurate scales to measure their weight. Can estimate muscle and fat measures. Keep in mind that they are not likely to be very accurate but you can use them to track changes over time. J Clin Med. This is done under the assumption that 73% of the bodys fat-free mass is water, and that this remains constant over time and between individuals. 3, pp. Bioelectrical impedance analysis to estimate body composition in surgical and oncological patients: a systematic review. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. The Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis works by determining the impedance which is faced by an electrical current as it passes through the human body. R. F, Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis: A review of principles and applications, Journal of the American College of Nutrition, vol. The primary issues with BIA are: Sensor Placement Journal of Physics Conference Series. I like looking in the mirror and seeing how . BIA scales estimate body fat percentage using bioelectrical impedance analysis. BodPod, skinfold, BIA and hydrostatic weighing) Because the scales can be expensive, you have probably wondered what bioelectrical impedance analysis is and if it is worth paying for. First, the researchers used a lab-based machine called a Bod Pod to take accurate body fat measurements. Test type Pros Cons; Bioelectrical impedance analysis: Inexpensive equipment. Gagnon C, Mnard J, Bourbonnais A, et al. 649-657, 1996. 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Armed with that information, the machine is able to calculate the impedance (i.e. BMI has become a standard health assessment tool in my radiation oncology office and many healthcare facilities. P. Deurenberg, M. Deurenberg-Yap, in Food for the Ageing Population, 2009 9.4.2 Bioelectrical impedance. Keywords: body composition, fat mass, fat free mass, bioelectrical impedance analysis. BIA is able to make an estimation of body composition (e.g. What are the pros & cons of Bioelectrical Impedence? Epub 2017 Jan 12. muscle, fat, bone, etc.) However, studies that validate the accuracy of BIA exclusively in post-menopausal women are lacking. 5, pp. The assumption that the hydration fraction of skeletal muscle remains at 73% is based on the chemical analysis of six cadavers as part of the Brussels Cadaver Analysis Study [21]. 405-411, 2007. 45, p. 865, 1987. Similar to hand-held methods, leg-to-leg BIA involves an individual standing on scales with four electrodes situated at each footplate, with a low-level current passed through the lower-body. 2023 Jan 6;10:1056123. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1056123. Andreoli, G. Melchiorri, S. L. Volpe and A. 903-907, 1989. They measure the rate at which a painless low-level electrical current travels through your body. The bioelectrical impedance assessment is based on the water content of bodily tissues. Methodological limitations of BIA may affect the ability of the method to accurately determine body composition. Fat mass is then calculated as the difference between fat-free mass and body mass. On a larger commercial. Results may vary depending on the device used: the accuracy of BI results may vary depending on the specific device used and the quality of the device, Can be affected by recent exercise: The results may be affected by recent exercise as the muscle will have more hydration and will conduct electricity better, thus appearing to have less body fat. However, it does not measure body fat directly. From the results of this assessment method, the manufacturer constructs an equation using the individual variables mentioned previously to determine what the body fat would be. Based on that rate, a calculation is used to estimate fat-free mass. As muscle is denser than fat, a persons body weight may actually increase as a result of exercise. If either value is higher than average, a person should see their doctor. A Bod Pod requires specially trained operators, who tend only to use it in research laboratories. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a simple, inexpensive, quick and non-invasive technique for measuring body composition. 4, pp. The site is secure. Deurenberg, J. Learn about the ideal body fat percentages with charts based on sex, age, and height. 459-473, 1984. People typically supply this information via a smartphone or other electronic device. Sergi G, De Rui M, Stubbs B, Veronese N, Manzato E. Measurement of lean body mass using bioelectrical impedance analysis: a consideration of the pros and cons. If you have eaten before the measurement, the measurement should be performed at least 2 hours apart. 2. Similarly, athletes often take interest in their body fat percentages, and a false score indicating so-called negative changes in body fat may impact the confidence and compliance of an athlete. As the electrical conductivity is different between various bodily tissues (e.g. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is a valid method for the assessment of body composition. Accessibility Reference methods. Hall, Body composition assessment of athletes using bioelectrical impedance measurements, Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, pp. Percentage of body fat is strongly associated with the risk of several chronic diseases but its accurate measurement is difficult. The study mentioned previously on obese subjects [9] reported that in 12 of the 50 participants, BIA underestimated fat mass by 5kg or more. Background: Bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) is commonly used in research to assess body composition. 639-647, 2004. Total body water (TBW) is estimated, and this estimation is used to calculate fat-free mass. BIA is an alternative to more invasive and expensive methods like dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. 33-36, 1989. How much should I weigh for my height and age. Body fat scales use bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to estimate the relative percentages of different tissues and substances within the body. 417-424, 1986. National Library of Medicine Figure 1. due to their variation in water content, the small electrical current passes through the tissues at different speeds. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is an afford-able, noninvasive, easy-to-operate, portable, and fast (assess-ments can be made within 5-10 min) alternative for assessingsegmental or whole body SM (15, 19, 31, 38, 40) and so maybe a practical method for assessing SM in the elderly, althoughthe technique has not been fully validated in this 9, pp. Accuracy is one of its greatest strong point considering the delicateness of structures in human fields like engineering. One study looked at the accuracy of weight and height estimation by ICU nurses and physicians. To revisit the study by Ritz et al., [9], BIA was unable to accurately assess changes in body composition when compared to the four-compartment model. Pros: Hydrostatic weighing is an incredibly accurate technique for measuring body composition. Overall, BI is a non-invasive, quick, and relatively inexpensive method of measuring body composition. TicWatch Pro 3 comes in at $300 but is often on sale. R. Segal, J. Wang, B. Gutin, R. N. Pierson and T. Van Italie, Hydration and potassium content of lean body mass: effects of body fat, sex and age, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. Have you ever used a scale that told you your body fat percentage? PROS. 5 The findings identified only moderate accuracy based on visual estimations. This study was designed to examine the reliability and validity of the bioelectrical impedance method (BIA) of measuring body composition and compare its accuracy with the results obtained by standard anthropometric methods BIA, skinfold fat, and hydrostatically measured percent fat (% fat) were obtained on 44 women and 24 men. In bioelectrical impedance assessment a small alternating current (20 to 100 A, frequency ranging from 5 kHz to 200 kHz) is applied to the body and conducted by water and dissolved electrolytes in the body. However, hydration of fat-free mass has been shown to rise to over 77% with increased levels of body fat [22]. Wang D, Zhou H, Hu Y, Che Y, Ye X, Chen J, Fu J, Xu H. Front Public Health. "A scan removes the margin of error that bio-electric impedance tests [which measure body fat in relation to lean body mass] have, and that has significant reliability. Disclaimer. The lack of a validated equation for this population, combined with the large individual error reported in overweight and obese populations, suggest that BIA does not provide accurate body composition data for both single-measure and repeated measures. Epub 2014 Oct 1. As females typically have a higher proportion of adipose tissue in the gluteal-femoral region [20], it is possible that this would not be represented using hand-held BIA devices. 2004 Oct;23(5):1226-43. doi: 10.1016/j.clnu.2004.06.004. Having said that, the development of an equation for athletic populations that is validated against the gold-standard four-compartment model may improve the validity of the measure. A. Bergsma-Kadijk, B. Baumeister and P. Deurenberg, Measurement of body fat in young and elderly women: comparison between a four-compartment model and widely used reference methods., British Journal of Nutrition, vol. 5-12, 1999. analysis (BIA) as a reference in the measurement of height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) were 2.78, 5.31, and 2.25, respectively; predicted data from the radar highly agreed with those from the BIA. Aging Clin Exp Res. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Research conducted by Jebb et al., [11] found that leg-to-leg BIA using the manufacturer equations resulted in large errors when attempting to predict body fat, relative to the four-compartment model.
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