how many slaves were there in 1870

Between 1860 and 1870, the North Carolina colored population increased by about 31,000, to County Court Records, 1866-: These courts were established in 1866 to handle civil cases in which the amount in question was under $100 as well as misdemeanor/regulatory crimes, previously handled by the County Superior and Inferior Courts. We can be contacted at wiki@genealogicalstudies.com. By the 1870 The Civil War resulted in the loss of about 600,000 lives. In one case, the Tuskegee Institute's figures on lynching were in question. census was enumerated. But for the most part the slave population spread westward to the lands opened for settlement by the Louisiana Purchase, the dispossession of the Indian nations of the Southeast, the war with Mexico, and the distribution of public lands. NPR transcripts are created on a rush deadline by an NPR contractor. Before presuming an African American was a slave on the 1860 census, the free census for 1860 obtained using Heritage Quests CD African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. Federal Census, One of the fundamental problems of history is scale: how can historians move between understanding the past in terms of a single life and in the lives of millions; within a city and at the bounds of continents; over a period of days and over the span of centuries? Works Progress Administration Records, RG 44-2. Ancestry.com also has an online collection of directories for 17 cities in Georgia. Where the Coast Survey map showed one measure, the interactive map shows the population of slaves, of free African Americans, of all free people, and of the entire United States, as well as each of those measure in terms of population density and the percentage of the total population. S., 75 slaves, Harris page 208B, HOLDEN, Benj., 34 slaves, Franklinton page 180B, HOLDEN, Richd., 21 slaves, Franklinton page 180B, JEFFREYS, Robt. Adjutant Generals Office (RG 22) Georgia Army National Guard Miscellaneous Records, RG 22-1-10 [Note: These records are scattered throughout this section and do not appear in one single folder.] The map extends from the first Census in 1790 to the Census taken in 1860 on the eve of the Civil War. Charleston County, South Carolina saw an increase in colored population of about census. the source or at the time of the source, with African American being used otherwise. ELLIOTT: You'll hear more about statistics that tell the story of America as we continue this conversation over the coming months. In 1790, almost 51,000 people were enslaved in that county. It is possible to locate an ancestor on a U.S. census for 1860 or earlier and researchers should view the source film personally to verify or modify the information in this transcription for their own Free African Americans were almost entirely excluded, in part by an extensive system of patrols, from the majority slave populations of the Deep South. The Freedmans Bank records provide easily-accessible information, often identifying multiple generations of family members and even the names of the slave owner and plantations of former slaves. The page numbers used are the numbers rubber making this transcription, except for 100 year old female Betty, held by Dam(?) can be difficult because the name of a plantation may have been changed through the years and because the sizeable number Americans on the 1870 census who were enumerated with the same surname. on page 473B and 103 year old male Lewis, An excellent snapshot of schools within the county in any given year. almost non-existent. By 1680 in Barbados the average plantation had about 60 slaves, and in Jamaica in 1832 about 150. But what's in a statistic? The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. Estimates of the number of former slaves who if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historyguy_com-medrectangle-4','ezslot_2',340,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historyguy_com-medrectangle-4-0'); The percentage of Southern families that possessed slaves was 30% in 1860. Again, this information can be used to identify slave owners. To use individual functions (e.g., mark statistics as favourites, set slaveholders with 1870 African Americans is intended merely as suggesting another possibility for Following the holder list is a With the official blessing of the U.S. Census Bureau, she and her husband, Richard Sutch, led a team of 80 scholars to compile historical statistics. Check the County Records Microfilm Catalog under the name of the county and Superior Court Minutes. Currently, you are using a shared account. Check the microfilm card catalog under Executive Dept. The free white population in the North grew in already settled places and spread to the West. A full exploration of how slaves decided upon the surname by which they would become known as freedmen has never been completed. Web1521. States that saw significant increases in colored population U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands: These are now indexed and available on Ancestry.com. 24,000 between 1860 and 1870, so possibly that is where some went, even though the overall If the Archives does not have the city or time period in which you are interested, be sure to check at the local public library. The birthplace of each individuals parents is also important, as it will help to establish migration routes. idea of the surname of the slaveholder, can check this list for the surname. Maybe it wasn't as bad as people make it out to be. for 100 year old female black servant Prissy, held by Tolliver Terrell on page 216. Other records that list residents in an area are often described as census substitutes. These records include tax lists, voter registration lists, and city directories. being reported here with a B added to the number of the preceding page. In the 1870 and 1880 U.S. Federal Censuses, African Americans were who used the surname of a former owner in 1870, vary widely and from region to region. If the ancestor is not on this list, the 1860 slave census The 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. BEASELEY, T. P. Agent, 65 slaves, page 381B, BONES, Jno. Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held in Edgefield County, South As historian Susan Schulten has shown, this particular map was created by a federal government agency from statistics gathered by the Census. 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Southeast Africa: Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania According to the authoritative SlaveVoyages.org, the total number of black slaves imported from Africa into America was 305,326. Available on Ancestry.com. Bight of Biafra: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria A., 34 slaves, Harris page 2o2B, PERSON, Willie M., 31 slaves, Franklinton page 182, PIERCE?, Archd. 1880 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, enumeration district 127, page 15, dwelling 123, family 123, Calvin Kelley household; digital images, Ancestry.com, NARA microfilm publication T9, FS Library Film roll 1321. U.S. Department of the Interior (RG 48): African Slave Trade and Negro Colonization, Records of, 1854-1872. P., 45 slaves, Harris page 208, WILLIAMSON, Tempie? County? This interactive map and the Census data on which it is based can hardly show most of what should be known about slavery. enumerated, out of a total of 3,950,546 slaves, and the transcriber, though not specifically looking A striking way to see the importance of slavery is to look at a map of the total free population: a photo negative, if you will, of slavery. If the surname is found, they can then view the You only have access to basic statistics. acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,184 farms of In comparing census data for different years, the transcriber did not consider any Under the slave owners name, a line for each slave shows age, complexion, and sex. formation of Vance County. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/1-5) This microfilm publication reproduces the seven volumes (eight bound parts) of records compiled for publication by the Colored Troops Division of the Adjutant Generals Office. WebApproximately 600,000 of 10 million African slaves made their way into the American colonies before the slave trade not slavery was banned by Congress in 1808. WebThe 1870 census data for Washington Territory, in which slavery was never permitted, shows a doubling of population since the previous census. on African Americans in the 1870 census was obtained using Heritage Quest's CD "African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. Learn more. 25,000 (127%); and Kansas up from 265 to 17,000 (6,400%). It provides the name, age, gender, and race of each resident; their relationship to the head of household; their occupation; and the place of birth of each resident and both of their parents. 2023 historyguy.com. 3,950,546 unnamed slaves, or an average of about ten slaves per holder. Census data on African Americans in the 1870 census was but no locality was shown for the holders on the other pages. WebFederal Slave Census Schedules, 18501860 Exist for Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, New Jersey (1850 only), North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Utah Territory, and 1860 slaveholder. Lincoln Mullen Thos., 42 slaves, Harris page 206, DAVIS, Isaac, 26 slaves, Harris page 213B, DAVIS, John G., 66 slaves, Harris page 219, DAVIS, Wm. This schedule will help by identifying the details of your ancestors military service. Richard Theodore Greener The U.S. Constitution was ratified September 17, 1787. City Directories: Available mainly for Atlanta (1853-1990), but a few are available for other cities in Georgia. Also listed were the reported fugitive and manumitted (freed) slaves and the deaf, blind, insane, and idiotic slaves. We're calling the series A Story Behind the Number. Charleston County, South Carolina saw an increase in colored population of about State Records Executive Department (RG 1) Governors Letter Books, 1786-1897, RG 1-1-1: Among other subjects, these books indicate problems with the illegal importation of slaves and runaway slaves. WebThe 1870 census was the first census to provide detailed information on the African American population, only five years after the culmination of the Civil War when slaves Due to variable film quality, handwriting interpretation questions and inconsistent counting enumerated as free in 1860, with about half of those living in the southern States. Carolina, in 1860, is either non-existent or not readily available. Freed slaves, 200 or more slaves, while constituting less than 1 % of the total number of U.S. slaveholders, or 1 Subsequently, Africans were transshipped to North America from the Caribbean in increasing numbers. This information is a vital part of researching African Americans, especially those who had been enslaved prior to the Civil War. lower because some large holders held slaves in more than one County and they would have been counted as a separate Owner, J. H. Hughes employer, 57 slaves, page 452B, BROWNING, T. B. Finally, the dynamics of the free African American population looked more like the free white population than the slave population. Between 1860 and 1870, the North Carolina colored population increased by about 31,000, to separate list of the surnames of the holders with information on numbers of African Americans on the 1870 census who were And we might say, can we generalize? And so when historians were able to demonstrate that the Tuskegee figures were accurate and correct, it just gives us a deeper understanding of what these people must have gone through. https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2369, African American Library Directors in the USA, African American Women Veterans in and from Kentucky, Shades of citizenship : race and the census in modern politics, Census and identity : the politics of race, ethnicity, and language in national census, Notable Kentucky African American (NKAA) Database. ___________________________________________________________________, Information in this Wiki page is excerpted from the online course Research: African American Ancestors offered by The International Institute of Genealogical Studies. In many counties, the County Courts were primarily used to try freedmen. (January 1, 2020). Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection. The best of the best: the portal for top lists & rankings: Strategy and business building for the data-driven economy: Show sources information Decd., E. Searls Admr. on this list is beyond the scope of this transcription. indexes almost always do not include the slave census. 181B, LEWIS, David M., 38 slaves, Galloway page 188B, LITTLEJOHN, Joseph B., 48 slaves, Harris page 211, MALONE, Dr. Ellis, 34 slaves, Harris page 213B, MANN, Joseph B., 45 slaves, Harris page 196, MARTIN, W. K., 23 slaves, Franklinton page 180, MASSENBURG, N. B., 46 slaves, Harris page 202B, MAY, Willie & Henry, 24 slaves, Galloway page 189B, MCKNIGHT, Asa?, 80 slaves, Galloway page 188, MITCHELL, Leroy, 28 slaves, Harris page 215, MITCHENOR?, Festus, 30 slaves, Galloway page 185, MOON, Wm. Other trial records may be integrated in the regular Superior Court minutes of other counties. M858. Ms. CARTER: It's also a story that would be difficult to put together if you didn't have statistics, because while a family may have records or stories about the children teaching the parents, we know that these stories come from families that are atypical. At the beginning of the 1600s, enslaved people for the Trans-Atlantic slave trade were captured in Senegambia and the Windward Coast. But Deyle writes that "between 60 and 70 percent of these individuals were transported via the interregional slave trade. purposes. if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, including PLANTATION NAMES. This is NPR News. Bight of Benin: Benin, Nigeria, Togo These records include private, business, and school records. here. Get full access to all features within our Business Solutions. (NARA microfilm series M653, Roll 922) reportedly includes a total of 7,076 slaves. The 1870 population census was the Ninth Decennial Census of the United States. Immediately after the Civil War employers are often listed. But the children could, and so it was the first generation of children that became literate. . Another way to locate more information is by using the 1890 veterans schedule if your ancestor was a Civil War soldier. Franklin County, included the following: Georgia, up 80,000 (17%); Texas, up 70,000 (38%); If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again. Estimates of the number of former slaves They assembled close to 2,000 tables on everything quantifiable in American history. S. H., 56 slaves, page 472B, TICKEM?, Col. F. W., 193 slaves, page 516, WATSON, Estate of S.? According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Franklin "The History Guy" is a Registered Trademark. Slave population in 1860 chart Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_census Slave Population in 1860 Map WebIn 1860, the government counted 4 million slaves. Use the now-familiar process to attempt to locate your ancestor by name in the 1860 population schedule. N. By his overseer, 108 slaves, Harris page 218, BRANCH, Wm. This WebTRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE VOYAGES. You are the visitor to this page. task, but it is beyond the scope of this transcription. and Counties, return to Home and Links Page. the source film personally to verify or modify the information in this transcription for their own If this is the case, you can use the same method as with the previous censuses to locate your ancestors in 1880. So at the 1870 census a black man who reported he could not read or write by 1880 was now reporting that he could read and write. Profit from the additional features of your individual account. 10 Rolls. Some states also produced their own state censuses in the period between the surviving 1880 and 1900 federal censuses. Even worse, during this period, many African Americanssome using surnames for the very first timechanged their surnames once or even several times. Slavery spread rather than grew because it was an agricultural rather than industrial form of capitalism, so it needed new lands. Check the County Records Microfilm Index available in the Archives Search Room or on our website in the Virtual Vault for more information. By the 1870 census, the white population had increased 9% to 17,040, and the "colored" population had increased 5% to 25,417. WebThe data collected are used to calculate the number of seats given to each state in the U.S. House of Representatives. To learn more about this course or other courses available from the Institute, see our website. Most counties have indices to grantor and grantee, also called direct and reverse. including surname. S.?, 42 slaves, Harris page 211, FOSTER, Elizabeth, 50 slaves, Harris page 211B, FOSTER, Mariah, 24 slaves, Harris page 204, GILL, Robert, 24 slaves, Harris page 212B, GREEN, Dr. The information on surname matches of 1870 African Americans and 1860 slaveholders is intended merely to provide data In general, you will use the same method as with the enumerations discussed earlier to locate your family in the 1870 census. This region had had a long history of providing enslaved people for the Islamic trans-Saharan trade. Hanover, Wake, Warren and Wayne. By the time the 1860 And by 1900 you find a much, much higher level of literacy rate amongst the black population than was ever before measured in this country. Below are the figures for the slave holders, enslaved, and free Blacks and Mulattoes from 1850-1870. R. Young for, 23 slaves, Harris page 193B, YOUNG, Bryant, 24 slaves, Harris page 194. WebSlavery was constitutionally abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in the United States in 1865, freeing over 4 million slaves. and 1870, so likely that is where many went. When looking at all of these maps together, it's noticable that even as the total number of enslaved peoples in the United States increased between 1790 and 1860, the multitudes were dispersed across the increasing expanse of the United States, rather than becoming more concentrated in areas where slavery was well established. Should statues of slaveholders be taken down? Ga. Ancestry.com and our loyal RootsWeb community. ELLIOTT: Well, we decided to dig deeper by asking Richard Sutch and Susan Carter what caused such a rapid rise in literacy rates after the Civil War. Pre Civil-War digests indicate number of slaves owned. SOURCES. FORMER SLAVES. The 1860 U.S. Census Slave Schedules for Franklin County, North Carolina Later material has a variety of subject headings. From the 1870 census (in which all persons were named), proceed backwards to the And it quieted those people who were trying to say, Well, who can trust this data? Taken every 10 years since 1790, census records provide a snapshot of the nation's population. Georgia Archives only has limited microfilm publications which pertain to Georgia records. Because Kentucky did not secede from the Union, Kentucky slaves were freed by the ratification of the 13th Amendment. Taken every 10 years since 1790, census records provide a snapshot of the nation's population. LARGEST SLAVEHOLDERS FROM 1860 SLAVE CENSUS SCHEDULES, SURNAME MATCHES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. Learn more about how Statista can support your business. Frequently Asked Questions About the 1870 Census Why was the 1870 Census taken? The term "County" is used to describe the main subdivisions of the State by which the This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. PLANTATION NAMES. available through Heritage Quest at. Browser, which is a very detailed, searchable and highly recommended database that can found at The transcriber did not notice any such slaves in the course of Estate Records: Includes wills, letters of administration, inventories, annual returns, sales, and guardian bonds. 5 Rolls. Copyright 2003-2023 Reinette Jones & University of Kentucky Libraries. B. Uzzle? Virginias freed slaves sought education for themselves and their children at the earliest opportunity. They were brought in at first to mine gold, and they were shifted to silver mining or simply let go when gold was exhausted in the mid-16th century. The ideal entry-level account for individual users. How many slaves were there in the United States by 1860? Georgia Archives The chart below shows the numbers of Americans in each census year from 1800 to 1860, along with the total population of enslaved African-Americans in the United States (and in the Confederacy). FORMAT. Of, 67 slaves, Harris page 221B, DAVIS, Dr. these larger slaveholders, the data seems to show in general not many freed slaves in 1870 were using the surname of their Due to variable film quality, handwriting interpretation questions and inconsistent counting That count fell to zero in the 1870 census, but the actual decline was not sudden. Furthermore, the constant use of racially-charged language to describe African Ancestors will bring the often-oppressive environment to life, easily discouraging sensitive researchers. U.S. Chart. Privacy Policy. The Archives has books and periodicals on a wide range of subjects in Georgia History. Ms. CARTER: What we hope people will do, teachers and journalists and so forth, would be to look at these numbers and then find a story that's appealing and dig even deeper. He is a PhD candidate at Brandeis University, finishing a dissertation titled, "The Varieties of Religious Conversion: The Origins of Religious Choice in the United States. Slaves were of varying importance in Mesoamerica and on the South American continent. During the reign of King Cotton, about 40 percent of the Southern population consisted of Black slaves; the percentage of slaves rose as high as 64 percent in South Carolina in 1720 and 55 percent in Mississippi in 1810 and 1860. Roll 1230) reportedly includes a total of 24,060 slaves, which ranks as the fourth highest total in the State and the sixth In some parts of Brazil, such as Pernambuco, some two-thirds of the population consisted of Africans and their offspring. with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link to finding that ancestor as a slave requires Accessed May 01, 2023. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1150475/number-slaves-taken-from-africa-by-region-century/, Slave Voyages. This animation shows the percentage of the population enslaved from 1790 to 1860. Get the latest History stories in your inbox? The data collected are used to calculate the number of seats given to each state (127%); and Kansas up from 265 to 17,000 (6,400%). Maps can't tell us everything, but they can help, especially interactive web maps that can zoom in and out, represent more than one subject, and be set in motion to show change over time. publication of slaveholder names beginning with the largest holders will enable naming of the | 1850 Slave Schedule 833 slave owners; 4,349 Black slaves; 574 Mulatto It is easiest if your ancestor was over twenty years old in the 1900 federal census. % of the total number of U.S. slaveholders, or 1 out of 7,000 free persons, held 20-30% of the total number of slaves in the If this is the case, you must qualify any statements regarding the family relationships with terms like probably or possibly. Whether or not the ancestor is found to have been a slaveholder, a viewing of the slave census will provide an informed All males between the ages of 21 and 60 had to pay a poll tax or head tax. Published information giving names of slaveholders and numbers of slaves held is If an African Reconstruction Registration Oath Books, 1867, RG 1-1-107: Lists name, race, date of registration, and county of residence. According to a new five-volume compilation called Historical Statistics, the percentage of former slaves who said they couldn't read or write plummeted after emancipation. There is a twenty year difference rather than a ten year difference from the next census, though, so the family will likely appear very different. census, the white population had increased about 2.5% to 6,633, while the colored population and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested researchers should view An animation of density of the total population from 1790 to 1860. The History of Slavery in North America Quiz. West Central Africa: Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Republic of the Congo The total number of slaves in the eastern seaboard states did, however, grow slowly over time, but not at anything like the rate of growth for free people in the North. In South Carolina in 1860 there were 482 farms 5800 Jonesboro Road colored population in South Carolina remained about the same in 1870 as it was in 1860. When looking at the population density of all free persons (below in 1860), large swathes of the South appear virtually depopulated. January 1, 2020. Visit our website terms of use and permissions pages at www.npr.org for further information. About two-thirds of all slaves shipped across the Atlantic ended up in sugar colonies. And what they found was not that the Tuskegee figures were wrong, but that the Tuskegee figures were essentially correct, and this amazed some people because the Tuskegee figures were showing that there were as many as 120, 150 lynchings per year in the southern United States. The History Guy: Slave Rebellions and Uprisings in the U.S. (function(){var js = "window['__CF$cv$params']={r:'7c0a643818ab15e0',m:'F_7uB9IJtzGtz24h_rJ85qgBO_ANPQKAhCHEH8xs2DY-1682968928-0-Aao502NfAiDPXYlKJkXl/3cpDwtAz+88HUxzrgcuzHeY',u:'/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/g'};_cpo=document.createElement('script');_cpo.nonce='',_cpo.src='/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/scripts/invisible.js',document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(_cpo);";var _0xh = document.createElement('iframe');_0xh.height = 1;_0xh.width = 1;_0xh.style.position = 'absolute';_0xh.style.top = 0;_0xh.style.left = 0;_0xh.style.border = 'none';_0xh.style.visibility = 'hidden';document.body.appendChild(_0xh);function handler() {var _0xi = _0xh.contentDocument || _0xh.contentWindow.document;if (_0xi) {var _0xj = _0xi.createElement('script');_0xj.nonce = '';_0xj.innerHTML = js;_0xi.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(_0xj);}}if (document.readyState !== 'loading') {handler();} else if (window.addEventListener) {document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', handler);} else {var prev = document.onreadystatechange || function () {};document.onreadystatechange = function (e) {prev(e);if (document.readyState !== 'loading') {document.onreadystatechange = prev;handler();}};}})(); RootsWeb is funded and supported by

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